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Health
Homeostasis
Healthy cells maintain controlled growth/differentiation. Stable gene expression and tissue architecture with physiological function.
Inflamed
Microenvironment disruption
Persistent immune infiltration (macrophages/lymphocytes) and cytokine release. DNA damage accumulates in hyperplastic tissue.
Primary
Local invasion
Oncogenic mutations drive uncontrolled proliferation. Tumor invades locally with angiogenesis and cellular heterogeneity.
Metastasis
Systemic spread
Cells disseminate via EMT, survive as CTCs, and colonize distant organs. New niches exhibit immunosuppression and lethal secondary growth.